翻译数据库中英对照：《人类减贫的中国实践》白皮书 [9]
Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution [9]
社会保障兜底一批。聚焦特殊贫困群体，落实兜底保障政策。实施特困人员供养服务设施改造提升工程，集中供养能力显著增强。农村低保制度与扶贫政策有效衔接，全国农村低保标准从2012年每人每年2068元提高到2020年5962元，提高188.3%。扶贫部门与民政部门定期开展数据比对、摸排核实，实现贫困人口“应保尽保”。
Fifth, providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone. China focuses on the needs of the most vulnerable groups and provides them with subsistence allowances. Services and facilities to support people living in extreme poverty have been upgraded, with a greater capacity to provide care in service centers. The rural subsistence allowances framework has been effectively dovetailed with poverty alleviation policies, and the per capita yearly subsistence allowances in rural areas had grown from RMB2,068 in 2012 to RMB5,962 in 2020, an increase of 188.3%. The departments in charge of poverty alleviation and civil affairs compare data and verify information on a regular basis, to ensure full coverage of support for eligible groups.
中国还结合实际、因地制宜，采取其他多渠道多元化扶贫措施。大力推进就业扶贫，通过免费开展职业技能培训、东西部扶贫协作劳务输出、扶贫车间和扶贫龙头企业吸纳、返乡创业带动、扶贫公益性岗位安置等形式，支持有劳动能力的贫困人口在本地或外出务工、创业，贫困劳动力务工规模从2015年的1227万人增加到2020年的3243万人。开展健康扶贫工程，把健康扶贫作为脱贫攻坚重要举措，防止因病致贫返贫（专栏11）。深入实施网络扶贫工程，支持贫困地区特别是“三区三州”等深度贫困地区，完善网络覆盖，推进“互联网+”扶贫模式。实施资产收益扶贫，把中央财政专项扶贫资金和其他涉农资金投入设施农业、光伏、乡村旅游等项目形成的资产，折股量化到贫困村，推动产业发展，增加群众收入，破解村集体经济收入难题。2020年新冠肺炎疫情发生后，中国采取一系列应对疫情的帮扶举措，加大就业稳岗力度，开展消费扶贫行动，有效克服了新冠肺炎疫情影响。
China has also implemented many other forms of support for poverty alleviation that are consistent with local conditions. The government has redoubled its efforts to boost employment for the poor, through means such as offering free training on vocational skills, strengthening collaboration in the labor market between the eastern and western regions, supporting leading enterprises and workshops in poverty alleviation to create more jobs, encouraging entrepreneurial individuals to start businesses in their hometowns or villages, and creating public welfare jobs for the rest of the unemployed. Poor people who have the ability to work are encouraged to find employment locally or elsewhere, or start their own businesses. In 2015, 12.27 million poor laborers found employment; the figure had risen to 32.43 million in 2020. China has made efforts to improve healthcare service to the poor, considering it an important part of poverty alleviation in order to prevent the poor from sinking back into poverty due to illness (Box 11). China has launched a project to connect poor areas to the internet, introducing the "internet+" model for poverty alleviation in poor areas, especially in the extremely impoverished "three areas and three prefectures". The earnings from poverty alleviation funds and assets have been used to support the poor. The assets generated from facility agriculture – agriculture making extensive use of polytents and other similar equipment – PV power stations, and rural tourism using central government funds for poverty alleviation and other agriculture-related funds have been converted into shares and allocated proportionately to poor villages in order to give a boost to businesses, increase villagers' incomes and more importantly help solve the problem of generating revenue for the villages' collective economy. Since Covid-19 struck in 2020, China has adopted a series of support measures, such as measures to stabilize employment and encourage consumption of products from poor areas, effectively minimizing the impact of the virus.
（四）严格标准、有序退出，解决“如何退”的问题
4. Adopting Strict Criteria to Know When and How to Deregister Those Who Have Emerged from Poverty
建立贫困退出机制，明确贫困县、贫困村、贫困人口退出的标准和程序，既防止数字脱贫、虚假脱贫等“被脱贫”，也防止达到标准不愿退出等“该退不退”。制定脱贫摘帽规划和年度减贫计划，确保规范合理有序退出。严格执行退出标准，严格规范工作流程，贫困人口退出实行民主评议，贫困村、贫困县退出进行审核审查，退出结果公示公告，让群众参与评价，做到程序公开、数据准确、档案完整、结果公正。强化监督检查，每年委托第三方对摘帽县和脱贫人口进行专项评估，重点抽选条件较差、基础薄弱的偏远地区，重点评估脱贫人口退出准确率、摘帽县贫困发生率、群众帮扶满意度，确保退出结果真实。2020年至2021年初，开展国家脱贫攻坚普查，全面准确摸清贫困人口脱贫实现情况。贫困人口、贫困村、贫困县退出后，在一定时期内原有扶持政策保持不变，摘帽不摘责任，摘帽不摘帮扶，摘帽不摘政策，摘帽不摘监管，留出缓冲期，确保稳定脱贫。
A poverty exit mechanism has been established, with clear provisions on the standards and procedures for deregistering from the list poor counties, villages, and individuals. This prevents misconduct such as manipulation and falsification of data, and also prevents those who have emerged from poverty from keeping the label in order to continue accessing preferential treatment. The government has worked out a poverty deregistration plan and an annual poverty alleviation plan to ensure procedure-based, rational and orderly exit from the registers. The criteria and procedures have been strictly enforced, for example, by conducting public review in the case of individuals and government examination in the case of villages and counties. The results of poverty exit have been disclosed for public evaluation and review, based on transparent procedures, accurate data and complete files, to ensure fairness. Supervision and inspection have been strengthened, including annual evaluations by third parties of the deregistered population and counties, with a focus on remote areas with weaker economic foundations. Three parameters – the accuracy of decisions, the poverty incidence of recurrence among deregistered counties, and public rating of assistance measures – are emphasized in evaluation, to ensure accurate results. From 2020 to early 2021, China conducted a general survey of poverty elimination, collecting accurate data on progress in helping the poor out of poverty. A "grace period" is allowed for previously impoverished population, villages and counties, during which time poverty alleviation policies and government supervision are continued until their status is secure.
（五）跟踪监测、防止返贫，解决“如何稳”的问题
5. Conducting Follow-up Monitoring to Help People Stay Out of Poverty
稳定脱贫不返贫才是真脱贫。对脱贫县，从脱贫之日起设立5年过渡期，过渡期内保持主要帮扶政策总体稳定，对现有帮扶政策逐项分类优化调整，逐步由集中资源支持脱贫攻坚向全面推进乡村振兴平稳过渡。健全防止返贫动态监测和帮扶机制，对脱贫不稳定户、边缘易致贫户，以及因病因灾因意外事故等刚性支出较大或收入大幅缩减导致基本生活出现严重困难户，开展定期检查、动态管理，做到早发现、早干预、早帮扶，防止返贫和产生新的贫困。继续支持脱贫地区乡村特色产业发展壮大，持续促进脱贫人口稳定就业。做好易地搬迁后续扶持，多渠道促进就业，强化社会管理，促进社会融入，确保搬迁群众稳得住、有就业、逐步能致富。坚持和完善驻村第一书记和工作队、东西部协作、对口支援、社会帮扶等制度。继续加强扶志扶智，激励和引导脱贫群众靠自己努力过上更好生活。开展巩固脱贫成果后评估工作，压紧压实各级党委和政府责任，坚决守住不发生规模性返贫的底线。
People and locations will only be considered to have shaken off poverty when they have stayed out of it and have not fallen back in after a certain period. Counties have been given a five-year period of grace from the day they emerged from poverty. During this period they will continue to enjoy the main support policies, which will be adjusted and optimized by category. Over time the resources leveraged for intensive poverty elimination will be redirected towards an extensive drive for rural revitalization. China will improve its dynamic monitoring of any trends indicating a return to poverty, and improve associated support measures. It will regularly check on key groups, such as those who have just emerged from poverty but whose position is far from secure, those on the verge of poverty who can fall back in again easily, and those experiencing difficulties in meeting their basic needs due to expenditure induced by illness, disaster or accident, or due to a sharp drop in income, and exercise dynamic management to spot these trends early and intervene through support measures, so that these people do not fall back into poverty. China will continue to support formerly impoverished areas in developing their specialty industries and help those who have emerged from poverty have stable employment. Follow-up support will be given to the resettled population whose employment will be promoted through multiple means. The government will improve social management to help them integrate into society, so that they will stay out of poverty, remain employed and have a promising future. Systems and practices that have proven effective, such as resident first secretaries and working teams, eastern-western collaboration, paired-up assistance, and social assistance, will be continued and improved. Efforts will be intensified to help those who have emerged from poverty build up self-belief and have access to education, so that they can create a better life through their own hard work. More evaluation will be carried out over the status of formerly impoverished people and areas, and Party committees and governments at all levels will continue to take responsibility to ensure that people do not sink back into poverty in large numbers.
精准扶贫方略，是中国打赢脱贫攻坚战的制胜法宝，是中国减贫理论和实践的重大创新，体现了中国共产党一切从实际出发、遵循事物发展规律的科学态度，面对新矛盾新问题大胆闯、大胆试的创新勇气，对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的不懈探索，对实现人的全面发展和全体人民共同富裕的远大追求。精准扶贫方略，不仅确保了脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利，而且有力提升了国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平，丰富和发展了新时代中国共产党执政理念和治国方略。
The strategy of targeted poverty alleviation is China's strongest weapon in its final battle to secure victory against poverty, and a major innovation in the theory and practice of poverty alleviation. It highlights the CPC's sound approach whereby all actions are based on actual conditions and conform to the needs of development; it is a manifestation of its courage to face up to new challenges and find solutions through trial and error; of its tireless exploration of the characteristics of governance by the CPC, the development of socialism, and the evolution of human society; and of its pursuit of all-round development of the people and common prosperity for all. In addition to securing a sweeping victory in the final battle against poverty, the strategy has also given a powerful boost to modernizing China's national governance system and capacity, and to enriching and developing the CPC's guiding philosophies and governance strategies in the new era.
四、为人类减贫探索新的路径
IV. Exploring a New Path of Poverty Alleviation
消除贫困是全球性难题。各国国情不同、所处发展阶段不同，减贫标准、方式方法、路径手段也不同。中国减贫立足本国国情，深刻把握中国贫困特点和贫困治理规律，坚持中国共产党的领导，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持发挥中国社会主义制度集中力量办大事的政治优势，坚持精准扶贫方略，坚持调动广大贫困群众积极性、主动性、创造性，坚持弘扬和衷共济、团结互助美德，坚持求真务实、较真碰硬，走出了一条中国特色减贫道路，形成了中国特色反贫困理论。中国在减贫实践中探索形成的宝贵经验，既属于中国也属于世界，拓展了人类反贫困思路，为人类减贫探索了新的路径。
Eliminating poverty is a challenge for all countries. Each subject to different national conditions and at different stages of development, they adopt different poverty reduction criteria, methods and approaches. Bearing in mind its prevailing reality and understanding the nature of poverty and the status of poverty alleviation, China has embarked on a path of poverty alleviation and designed an approach with Chinese characteristics. In this battle, the nation has upheld the CPC leadership and the people-centered philosophy. It has taken advantage of one of the strengths of its socialist system – the ability to pool resources on major endeavors. It has adopted targeted measures and stimulated the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the people in poverty. It has carried forward the great tradition of working together and offering mutual support, and it has adopted a down-to-earth and pragmatic style of work. In this approach, China has accumulated valuable experience, which belongs both to China itself and to the rest of the world, and offers enlightenment to the international community in its battle to reduce poverty.
（一）坚持以人民为中心
1. People-centered Philosophy
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