翻译数据库中英对照：美国对华认知中的谬误和事实真相 [31]
Reality Check: Falsehoods in US Perceptions of China [31]
美国消耗粮食生产生物燃料，对全球食物供给特别是口粮供给造成冲击。美国生产的近三分之一玉米用于生物燃料。这对全球粮食供应造成竞争性替代，造成粮食和能源价格相互推高的恶性循环。
The US consumes grain to produce biofuels, straining global food supply, especially the supply of subsistence crops. Nearly one-third of the corn produced in the US is used for biofuels. Using grain as substitute for energy leads to fewer grain for global food supply, creating a vicious circle of food and energy prices pushing up each other.
ADM、邦吉、加吉和路易达孚四大粮食供应商垄断了全球约80%以上的粮食贸易，控制全球农贸原料、粮食生产、加工和供应等各环节并掌握国际粮食定价权，利用全球粮价波动赚取超额利润，其中三家来自美国。2021年以来，四大粮商净收入分别增长53%、80%、64%和47.7%，ADM和邦吉股价上涨近3倍之多。这些国际粮食寡头以逐利为根本导向，不放过任何时机炒作粮食安全问题、渲染粮食供应紧张局势，以牟取暴利。
The four major grain suppliers —ADM, Bunge, Cargill and Louis Dreyfus — monopolize more than 80 percent of the world’s grain trade, and control global agricultural raw materials as well as grain production, processing and supply. These four grain suppliers, three from the US, manipulate the international prices of grain and earn extra profits from global food price volatility. Since 2021, their net income has increased by 53 percent, 80 percent, 64 percent and 47.7 percent respectively, and the stock prices of ADM and Bunge have nearly tripled. These international food oligopolies are profit-seeking, and they won’t miss any opportunity to stir up food security issues and inflate food supply shortage to make bigger profits.
◆美国拱火俄乌冲突、滥用经济制裁是加剧全球粮食短缺的“元凶”。
◆ The US has been stoking the flames in the Russia-Ukraine conflict and abusing economic sanctions. These have exacerbated global food shortage.
俄乌冲突旷日持久是美西方不断拱火的直接结果。目前美国对乌克兰军事及武器援助已增至536亿美元，超过2021年俄乌两国军费总和的70%。战争拖得越久、战场铺得越大，全球粮食生产和供应受到的影响就越大，粮食危机就会愈演愈烈。
The protracted conflict between Russia and Ukraine is a direct consequence of the constant instigation by the US and other Western countries. US military and arms assistance to Ukraine has increased to 53.6 billion US dollars, more than 70 percent of the combined military spending of Russia and Ukraine in 2021. The longer and bigger the conflict is, the greater its impact on global food production and supply will be, and the food crisis will further intensify.
面对全球粮食危机，美国等主要产粮国反而捂紧“粮袋子”。美国农业部在2022年5月的供需报告中预测，2021至2022年度美国小麦出口量比上一年度减少18.9%。根据国际食品政策研究所（IFPRI）研究结果，俄乌冲突爆发后，全球受限食品贸易份额大大上升，目前受限比例已上涨至17%。
In the face of a global food crisis, major grain-producing countries such as the US have instead kept their “grain bags” tight. According to the World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates report released by the US Department of Agriculture this May, US wheat exports in 2021/22 will be 18.9 percent lower than the previous year. According to the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the total amount of food exports affected by the restrictions has increased significantly, which now represents about 17 percent of total calories traded in the world
美国粮食安全倡议虚多实少，反而导致全球粮食安全治理“碎片化”。俄罗斯是世界主要口粮出口国和最大化肥出口国。自美西方对俄制裁以来，全球各类化肥价格指数涨幅达30％以上，严重影响农业生产。2021至2022年俄罗斯小麦出口量占全球出口总量16％，大麦出口量占全球出口总量12.9％。联合国粮农组织数据显示，自美国发起对俄罗斯的制裁以来，2022年5月全球食品价格指数比2月上升14％。
The US food security initiative is more of empty words than concrete actions, only to fragment global food security governance. Russia is a major exporter of subsistence crops and the world’s largest exporter of fertilizers. Since the US and other Western countries imposed sanctions on Russia, the price index of various fertilizers has risen by more than 30 percent, which has seriously affected agricultural production. From 2021 to 2022, wheat and barley exports from Russia account for 16 percent and 12.9 percent of the world’s total respectively. Statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) show that since the US imposed sanctions on Russia, the Food Price Index in May this year has risen by 14 percent compared with February.
◆美国食物浪费问题严重，使全球粮食短缺现象雪上加霜。
◆ Serious food waste in the US has worsened the global food shortage.
一是浪费数量惊人。根据美国环境保护署数据，美国每年30%-40％食物被浪费，38％谷物被浪费。2018年美食物浪费总量达1.03亿吨，价值1610亿美元。2020年美人均食品浪费达59公斤。
First, the amount of food waste is astounding. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in the US, 30 to 40 percent of the food supply and 38 percent of grain products are never eaten each year. In 2018, the US had 103 million tons of its food wasted, worth 161 billion US dollars. In 2020, the country’s food waste per capita was 59 kilograms.
二是分配不均衡。2020年美国约有3800万人口处于食物不安全状态，主要是非裔、拉丁美裔和美土著群体。根据《国家地理杂志》，美国政府出台补充营养援助计划（SNAP），但超过三分之一的最低收入家庭无法享受，补贴力度也没有达到许多美国高生活成本地区的家庭健康、充足饮食的标准。
Second, distribution is uneven. About 38 million people are food insecure in the US in 2020, and the majority of them are African Americans, Latin Americans and Native Americans. According to National Geographic, more than one-third of the low-income households do not have access to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program introduced by the US government, and its benefits fall short of helping many families in high-cost areas enjoy a healthy and adequate diet.
三是次生问题突出。美国每年因食物生产过剩造成惊人的资源浪费和环境负担，包括1.4亿亩耕地、22万亿升水、3.5亿公斤农药、635万吨化肥。
Third, secondary problems are prominent. Every year, the overproduction of food in the US puts a staggering burden on the environment and wastes numerous resources, including over 9.3 million hectares of arable land, 22 trillion liters of water, 350 million kilograms of pesticides, and 6.35 million tons of chemical fertilizers.
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