扶贫必先识贫。中国贫困人口规模大、结构复杂，实现精准扶贫首先要精准识贫。科学制定贫困识别的标准和程序，组织基层干部进村入户，摸清贫困人口分布、致贫原因、帮扶需求等情况。贫困户识别以农户收入为基本依据，综合考虑住房、教育、健康等情况，通过农户申请、民主评议、公示公告、逐级审核的方式，进行整户识别；贫困村识别综合考虑行政村贫困发生率、村民人均纯收入和村集体经济收入等情况，按照村委会申请、乡政府审核公示、县级审定公告等程序确定。对识别出的贫困村和贫困人口建档立卡，建立起全国统一的扶贫信息系统。组织开展“回头看”，实行动态管理，及时剔除识别不准人口、补录新识别人口，提高识别准确率。建档立卡在中国扶贫史上第一次实现贫困信息精准到村到户到人，精确瞄准了脱贫攻坚的对象，第一次逐户分析致贫原因和脱贫需求，第一次构建起国家扶贫信息平台，为实施精准扶贫精准脱贫提供了有力的数据支撑。

To help the poor, we must know who they are. China had a large poor population, which was complex in composition. China has developed a set of standards and procedures to accurately identify the poor, and grassroots officials have spent time in villages analyzing the distribution of the poor population, the causes of their poverty, and their needs. Poor households are identified primarily based on their incomes, with consideration given to other factors such as housing, education and health. Household applications for poverty registration are discussed and reviewed, disclosed for public supervision, and then evaluated by each level of administration. For administrative villages applying to be registered, consideration is given to the incidence of poverty, the per capita net income of the villagers, and income from businesses run by village collectives. Applications are filed by the village committee, reviewed and disclosed by the township government, and examined by the county government before the results are made public. The individuals and villages confirmed as poor are then registered and a file is created in the national poverty alleviation information system. Dynamic management of the poor population has been strengthened to remove those who have been wrongly identified and to add those newly identified, with an emphasis on accuracy. Through this registration system, for the first time in the history of poverty alleviation, China has identified every poor individual in every village, every poor household has the causes of their poverty and their needs registered with the government. The national information platform on poverty alleviation provides powerful IT support for targeted measures to realize the set goals.

脱贫攻坚涉及面广、要素繁多、极其复杂，需要强有力的组织领导和贯彻执行。充分发挥党的政治优势、组织优势，建立中央统筹、省负总责、市县抓落实的脱贫攻坚管理体制和片为重点、工作到村、扶贫到户的工作机制，构建起横向到边、纵向到底的工作体系。各级党委充分发挥总揽全局、协调各方的作用，执行脱贫攻坚一把手负责制，中西部22个省份党政主要负责同志向中央签署责任书、立下军令状，省市县乡村五级书记一起抓。脱贫攻坚期内，贫困县党委政府正职保持稳定。有脱贫任务的地区，倒排工期、落实责任，抓紧施工、强力推进。脱贫攻坚任务重的地区，把脱贫攻坚作为头等大事和第一民生工程，以脱贫攻坚统揽经济社会发展全局。实行最严格的考核评估和监督检查，组织脱贫攻坚专项巡视，开展扶贫领域腐败和作风问题专项治理（专栏5），加强脱贫攻坚督导和监察（专栏6），确保扶贫工作务实、脱贫过程扎实、脱贫结果真实，使脱贫攻坚成果经得起实践和历史检验。建立健全干部担当作为的激励和保护机制，加大关心关爱干部力度，树立正确用人导向，引导广大干部在决胜脱贫攻坚中奋发有为、履职尽责。加强基层扶贫队伍建设，普遍建立干部驻村帮扶工作队制度，按照因村派人、精准选派的原则，选派政治素质好、工作能力强、作风实的干部驻村扶贫。广大驻村干部牢记使命、不负重托，心系贫困群众，扎根基层扶贫一线，倾心倾力帮助贫困群众找出路、谋发展、早脱贫。从2013年开始向贫困村选派第一书记和驻村工作队，到2015年，实现每个贫困村都有驻村工作队、每个贫困户都有帮扶责任人。截至2020年底，全国累计选派25.5万个驻村工作队、300多万名第一书记和驻村干部，同近200万名乡镇干部和数百万村干部一道奋战在扶贫一线。

Poverty eradication work covers a wide range of areas and is extremely complex, thus requiring rigorous organization, leadership, and implementation. Relying on the CPC's political and organizational strength, China has established a poverty eradication management network with the central government acting as coordinator, provincial governments taking overall responsibility, and city and county governments overseeing implementation. The network covers all poor areas and officials are sent to villages to help every needy household. Party committees at all levels have assumed an overall coordinating role and assigned top officials to take charge of poverty eradication affairs. The leading officials of 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units in central and western China signed written pledges to the Party Central Committee, and Party secretaries at the five administrative levels of province, city, county, township and village have worked towards the same goal. During the poverty eradication campaign, Party committee secretaries and county governors have been required to remain unchanged in their posts. Areas tasked with poverty elimination worked out timetables with a clear division of responsibilities and pressed forward with implementation. In places where the work was particularly difficult, the fight against poverty became the top priority of social and economic development. Through the strictest possible evaluation and supervision, as well as specialized inspection tours, China has addressed any corruption and misconduct in poverty alleviation with rigor (Box 5), and strengthened the evaluation and supervision of results to ensure solid and authentic outcomes (Box 6) that can survive the test of time and practice. China has improved the incentives for encouraging officials to fulfill responsibilities and undertake initiatives, and the relevant mechanisms to protect their position. By giving more attention to and caring for officials and establishing the right approach to their selection and appointment, the government has given them the incentive to fulfill their duties and do their best in the final fight against poverty. China has strengthened its team of grassroots officials working in poverty alleviation, and formed resident working teams to assign officials to villages where they could be most useful. Officials on the resident working teams must be politically reliable and professional, and have a can-do approach to their work. Officials on these teams have dedicated themselves to their mission and fulfilled their duties, committing themselves to helping those in need on the front line of fighting poverty, and giving their all to help the poor find ways to emerge from poverty and seek development. The first group of first secretaries and resident working teams were dispatched to poor villages in 2013. By 2015, all poor villages had resident working teams, and every poor household a contact official in charge of poverty elimination. As of the end of 2020, 255,000 resident teams and more than 3 million officials had been dispatched as first secretaries and resident officials to poor villages, fighting on the front line of poverty alleviation alongside nearly 2 million township officials and millions of village officials.

贫困的类型和原因千差万别，开对“药方子”才能拔掉“穷根子”。中国在减贫实践中，针对不同情况分类施策、对症下药，因人因地施策，因贫困原因施策，因贫困类型施策，通过实施“五个一批”实现精准扶贫。

There are many different types of poverty and the causes vary from case to case. We cannot address the root cause without the right remedies. In practice, China has adopted categorized and targeted measures to reduce poverty, based on the situation of individual households, local conditions, and the causes for and types of poverty. These targeted measures include: boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas, compensating for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage, improving education in impoverished areas, and providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone.

易地搬迁脱贫一批。对生活在自然环境恶劣、生存条件极差、自然灾害频发地区，很难实现就地脱贫的贫困人口，实施易地扶贫搬迁（专栏9）。充分尊重群众意愿，坚持符合条件和群众自愿原则，加强思想引导，不搞强迫命令。全面摸排搬迁对象，精心制定搬迁规划，合理确定搬迁规模，有计划有步骤稳妥实施。960多万生活在“一方水土养不好一方人”地区的贫困人口通过易地搬迁实现脱贫。对搬迁后的旧宅基地实行复垦复绿，改善迁出区生态环境。加强安置点配套设施和产业园区、扶贫车间等建设，积极为搬迁人口创造就业机会，保障他们有稳定的收入，同当地群众享受同等的基本公共服务，确保搬得出、稳得住、逐步能致富。

Second, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas. Some people lived in uninhabitable areas suffering from harsh natural conditions and subject to frequent natural disasters. It would be very hard for them to shake off poverty if they remained where they were, so the government relocated them to other areas (Box 9). The government respected these people's wishes, and only relocated those who were eligible and agreed to move. The reasons for relocation were explained to them but no coercion was used. The conditions and needs of target relocation groups were given full consideration, the scale of relocation was determined through research, and feasible plans were worked out and implemented in steps. As a result, more than 9.6 million people from inhospitable areas have shaken off poverty through relocation. Their former homes have been turned into farmland or planted with trees, to improve the eco-environment in these areas. In the resettlement sites, support facilities, industrial parks, and workshops have been built to create jobs for the relocated population, to ensure that they have stable incomes and equitable access to basic public services. Measures have been taken to ensure smooth relocation and resettlement, and make sure that those involved have the means to better themselves.

发展教育脱贫一批。坚持再穷不能穷教育、再穷不能穷孩子，加强教育扶贫，不让孩子输在起跑线上，努力让每个孩子都有人生出彩的机会，阻断贫困代际传递（专栏10）。持续提升贫困地区学校、学位、师资、资助等保障能力，20多万名义务教育阶段的贫困家庭辍学学生全部返校就读，全面实现适龄少年儿童义务教育有保障。实施定向招生、学生就业、职教脱贫等倾斜政策，帮助800多万贫困家庭初高中毕业生接受职业教育培训、514万名贫困家庭学生接受高等教育，重点高校定向招收农村和贫困地区学生70多万人，拓宽贫困学生纵向流动渠道。开展民族地区农村教师和青壮年农牧民国家通用语言文字培训，累计培训350万余人次，提升民族地区贫困人口就业能力。“学前学会普通话”行动先后在四川省凉山彝族自治州和乐山市马边彝族自治县、峨边彝族自治县、金口河区开展试点，覆盖43万学龄前儿童，帮助他们学会普通话。

Fourth, improving education in impoverished areas. Through education, poverty can be prevented from passing down from generation to generation (Box 10). The government has continued to increase support for schools in poor areas to improve their conditions, standard of teaching, faculties and financial resources. The state ensures compulsory education for all school-age children. All the 200,000 dropouts from compulsory education coming from poor families have returned to school. Favorable policies have been leveraged to enroll more poor students from designated areas, expand employment for graduates, and help students shake off poverty through vocational education. More than 8 million middle and high school graduates from poor families have received vocational training, 5.14 million poor students have received higher education, and key institutions of higher learning have admitted some 700,000 students from designated rural and poor areas. All this has opened up more channels for poor students to emerge from poverty and move upwards in society. The government has offered training on standard spoken and written Chinese language to 3.5 million rural teachers and young farmers and herdsmen in ethnic minority areas, in an effort to make poor people from these areas more competitive in the job market. A pilot campaign has been launched to teach standard Chinese to preschool children in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, and Mabian Yi Autonomous County, Ebian Yi Autonomous County and Jinkouhe District in Leshan City, Sichuan Province, involving 430,000 children.