中华民族是历史悠久、勤劳智慧的民族，创造了辉煌灿烂的中华文明。中华民族又是饱经苦难的民族，广大劳动人民长期处于贫困状态。几千年来，中国人民始终为摆脱贫困艰难求索。近代以后，在封建腐朽统治和西方列强侵略下，中国沦为半殖民地半封建社会，亿万民众处于贫困甚至赤贫状态。中国人民始终不屈不挠、奋力抗争，始终梦想实现国家富强、民族复兴，始终梦想过上幸福美好的生活。

The Chinese nation has a long history, diligent and intelligent people and splendid civilization. Over the history of thousands of years, eliminating poverty has been the persistent goal of the Chinese people, who suffered hardships and difficulties frequently. From the middle of the 19th century, foreign aggression and the decadence of the imperial dynasty reduced China to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society, and hundreds of millions of its people were plunged into poverty or even extreme poverty. But the Chinese people have fought with fortitude to realize their dream – achieving economic prosperity, national rejuvenation, and a happy and better life.

1921年7月，中国共产党诞生。中国产生了共产党，这是开天辟地的大事变。从诞生之日起，中国共产党就把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴作为初心使命，团结带领人民为创造自己的美好生活进行了长期艰辛奋斗。以毛泽东同志为核心的第一代中央领导集体，把农民翻身解放作为革命的基本问题，领导人民进行土地革命、实行“耕者有其田”，推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的反动统治，取得新民主主义革命胜利，建立了新中国，结束了中国人民长期以来遭受压迫与剥削的历史，结束了国家战乱频仍、四分五裂的局面，实现了民族独立和人民解放，为中国摆脱贫穷落后、实现繁荣富强扫清了障碍、创造了根本政治条件。

The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epochal event in China's history. The CPC has taken the happiness of the people and rejuvenation of the nation as its aspiration since its founding, and united and led the people to fight for a better life over the decades. The Party's first generation of central collective leadership under Mao Zedong regarded the liberation of peasants as the fundamental issue of the revolution, led the people to launch the Agrarian Revolution to realize the goal of "the land to the tiller", overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism, and won victory in the New Democratic Revolution and established the PRC, bringing an end to sustained oppression, exploitation of the people, frequent wars, and partitioning of the country, and realizing the goals of national independence and people's liberation. This helped to remove the obstacles to China's progress, and created the political conditions it needed to eradicate poverty, regain national strength, and realize prosperity for everyone.

（二）改革开放极大促进了中国发展，中国减贫进程加快推进

2. Reform and Opening Up Accelerated Development and Poverty Alleviation in China

改革开放初期，面对中国农村贫困人口基数大、贫困发生率高的严峻形势，以邓小平同志为核心的第二代中央领导集体，作出“贫穷不是社会主义，社会主义要消灭贫穷”的重要论断，提出到20世纪末人民生活达到小康水平的目标，制定“三步走”发展战略，提出“两个大局”的战略构想，实施一系列农业农村重大改革，从国家层面开展大规模、有计划、有组织的扶贫开发。在农村实施以家庭联产承包为主的生产责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制，理顺了农村最基本的生产关系，调动了农民生产积极性，使农业生产迅速扭转了长期徘徊不前的局面。实施农产品流通体制改革，大力发展乡镇企业，促进了农村整体收入水平提高。成立专门扶贫机构，确定了扶贫标准、重点片区和贫困县，启动实施“三西”农业建设。通过一系列重大举措，解放了农村生产力，释放了农村活力，推动了农村经济发展，促进了农民收入增加和观念更新，中国扶贫开发进入历史新时期。

In the initial period of reform and opening up, confronted by the grim challenge of a large rural impoverished population base and a high incidence of poverty, the second generation of the central collective leadership headed by Deng Xiaoping issued a declaration that "Poverty is not socialism; socialism means eliminating poverty". It set the goal of ensuring the people a moderately prosperous life by the end of the 20th century, formulated a three-step strategic plan[ The 13th CPC National Congress proposed that a three-step strategic plan for China's economic development would be laid out after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee: doubling the 1980 GNP by the end of the 1980s and ensuring that the people would have adequate food and clothing as the first step; doubling the 1990 GNP by the end of the 20th century and ensuring the people a moderately prosperous life as the second step; and increasing the per capita GNP level to that of moderately developed countries, ensuring the people a relatively affluent life, and realizing basic modernization by the middle of the 21st century as the third step. ], and articulated the vision of "Two Development Strategies"[ In 1988, Deng Xiaoping proposed that "The coastal areas, which comprise a vast region with a population of 200 million, should accelerate their opening to the outside world, and we should help them develop rapidly first; afterwards they can promote the development of the interior. The development of the coastal areas is of overriding importance, and the interior provinces should subordinate themselves to it. When the coastal areas have developed to a certain extent, they will be required to give more help to the interior. Then, the development of the interior provinces will be of overriding importance, and the coastal areas will in turn have to subordinate themselves to it." (Source: "The Central Leadership Must Have Authority", Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Vol III.) ]. A swathe of major reforms involving agriculture and rural areas were launched, providing for a massive, planned, well-organized poverty alleviation effort at the national level. The two-tier management system adopted in the rural areas, integrating cooperative management with household contract management, clarified the most basic production relations and inspired the farmers' enthusiasm, bringing an end to a period of protracted stagnation in agricultural output. Reform of the distribution system for agricultural products was enacted. A major effort was made to develop township enterprises in order to increase overall incomes in rural areas. Special poverty alleviation agencies were set up, poverty standards were set, key impoverished areas and counties were identified, and a special plan for agricultural development in the three western regions[ The three western regions were Hexi Region and Dingxi Region in Gansu Province and the mountainous region in southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the most impoverished contiguous areas in the country at the beginning of reform and opening up. In December 1982, China launched poverty alleviation initiatives in these regions to boost their agricultural development. This involved 47 counties, cities and districts (which expanded to 57 in 1992). It was a groundbreaking project in China's poverty alleviation efforts. It set a precedent in regional poverty alleviation, accumulating rich experience in moving from relief-based poverty alleviation to development-driven poverty alleviation, pooling resources for the development of impoverished areas, for poverty alleviation through relocation, and for combining development-driven poverty alleviation with developing the eco-economy. These successful measures have had a profound influence on massive, planned, well-organized poverty alleviation efforts across the country starting from 1986. ] was launched. These measures liberated the rural productive forces, released vitality, boosted economic development, increased farmers' incomes, and updated their mindsets. Development-driven poverty alleviation opened a new chapter in China.

进入21世纪，以胡锦涛同志为总书记的中共中央，坚持科学发展观，构建社会主义和谐社会，提出全面建成小康社会目标，推进社会主义新农村建设，制定实施一系列扶贫开发新政策新举措。对扶贫工作重点与瞄准对象作出重大调整，把中西部地区作为扶贫工作重点区域，在592个国家扶贫工作重点县的基础上，选定15万个贫困村作为扶贫对象，实施参与式“整村推进”扶贫。大力推进产业扶贫和劳动力培训转移，积极开展易地搬迁扶贫和生态移民。实施西部大开发、振兴东北地区等老工业基地、中部地区崛起等国家区域发展战略，促进区域、城乡协调发展。取消农业税，建立新型农村合作医疗等一系列农村社会保障制度，农民负担重的状况得到根本性改变。2011年，中共中央召开扶贫开发工作会议，中共中央、国务院印发《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011－2020年）》。中国的扶贫开发，从以解决温饱为主要任务的阶段转入巩固温饱成果、加快脱贫致富、改善生态环境、提高发展能力、缩小发展差距的新阶段。按照当时的扶贫标准，2010年底，中国农村贫困人口减少到2688万人，贫困发生率降为2.8%；2011年，中国将扶贫标准提高到2300元，在新的扶贫标准下，中国贫困人口为1.22亿。

In the 21st century, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary embraced the Scientific Outlook on Development. Its goals were to advance the development of a harmonious society, build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and facilitate the development of a new socialist countryside. It enacted a new series of poverty alleviation policies and measures. This resulted in major adjustments to the focus and targets of poverty alleviation work, listing the central and western regions as the priority region, and choosing as individual targets 150,000 impoverished villages besides the 592 key counties, where the full participation of villagers in poverty alleviation efforts was encouraged. A whole range of efforts were directed to business development, the training and transfer of rural labor, poverty alleviation through relocation, and relocation for the development of the eco-economy. State strategy of regional development was implemented, such as developing west China, revitalizing old industrial bases in the northeast, and stimulating the rise of the central region. These achieved coordinated development between regions and between rural and urban areas. The Agricultural Tax was abolished and a series of rural social security systems such as the new cooperative medical care system were established, greatly easing the burden on farmers. The National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in 2011 made plans for a new phase in the battle against poverty to ensure that moderate prosperity in all respects would be achieved by 2020. After the meeting, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2011-2020). China's poverty alleviation effort had evolved from its primary mission – meeting the basic needs of the poor – to a new stage of consolidating this achievement, accelerating poverty alleviation, improving the eco-environment, increasing development capacity, and bridging the development gap. By the end of 2010, according to the poverty standard, the impoverished rural population had been reduced to 26.88 million, and the incidence of poverty had fallen to 2.8%. In 2011, the standard was raised to RMB2,300, and accordingly the poor population was 122 million.